CCD Input circuits

ABSTRACT

The circuits include a floating diffusion, a source supplying a controllable amount of charge to the floating diffusion and a charge coupled device (CCD) reference register for periodically removing a fixed amount of charge from the floating diffusion. A feedback circuit senses the average voltage at the floating diffusion and adjusts the controllable amount of charge supplied to the diffusion to maintain its average voltage-level constant. The feedback circuit may be employed automatically to control the direct voltage bias at the input electrode of a DDC signal register. It may alternatively be employed to control a radiation source serving as the input to the system, or to operate a circuit for indicating the frequency at which the reference CCD register is being driven, or as an input to a current mirror amplifier.

The present invention relates to charge coupled devices (CCD's).

CCD's have found numerous uses in signal processing applications. Theinput signal to the CCD, in many of these applications, comprises ananalog signal which can vary in either sense relative to a referencevoltage level. This requires that the input electrode to the CCD be DCbiased at a level such that when the input signal is at the referencelevel--say 0 volts, a given amount of charge which may be termed a "biascharge" will be shifted into the first potential well. Biased in thisway, any variation in the input signal in one sense from the referencelevel will result in a greater amount of charge being shifted into thefirst potential well and vice versa.

For an AC coupled signal with symmetrical swings (such as a sine wave),the optimum value for the "bias charge" is one half of the full wellcapacity in the CCD signal register. At this bias point the dynamicrange of the input signal charge is maximum because the bias charge iscentered between the limits of saturation (full well) and cutoff (emptywell) in the CCD register.

In the case of more complex asymmetrical analog signals, such as thevideo signals employed in television, it is generally desirable toemploy a DC restoring circuit (i.e. a clamping circuit) at the input tothe CCD rather than a simple AC coupled input circuit in order to reducethe dynamic range required in the CCD to handle the maximum peak-to-peakinput signal voltage. For example, in the case of a television compositevideo signal, the average level of the signal relative to the peak ofthe sync pulses varies with picture content. This is illustrated inFIGS. 11a and 11b which show the wide variation in average level whichmay occur in two different scenes. If an AC coupled input circuit wereemployed for this form of signal, nearly twice the dynamic range wouldbe required to handle a given peak-to-peak video input voltage as wouldbe needed with a DC restored input circuit. With the latter, the optimum"bias charge" in the CCD register can be close to a full well or closeto an empty well, depending on the polarity of the clamping circuitemployed.

The signal processing circuits described above normally are integratedand it is desirable, in the interest of economy and for other reasons,that the CCD and its associated circuits such as clock drivers,amplifiers and so on, be on the same chip. However, up to now, so far asis known, adjustment of the DC bias voltage discussed above has requiredan off chip adjusting circuit such as a potentiometer or the like. Inhigh volume commercial applications, the need for such an adjustment ishighly undesirable because of the cost of the external circuit and thecost for making the initial adjustment, and because of possiblesubsequent problems relating to drift and aging which may necessitatereadjustment of the bias voltage level at some future date.

A circuit embodying one form of the present invention includes means forautomatically controlling the DC bias level discussed above. Theadjusting circuit may be on the same chip as the CCD and its associatedcircuits. The circuit includes an electrically floating region in thesubstrate to which a controllable amount of charge is applied and fromwhich a fixed amount of charge is periodically removed. The averagevoltage level of the floating region is sensed and employed to controlthe amount of charge supplied to the floating region, for making itequal to the amount of charge removed from the floating region, and tocontrol also the direct voltage bias level applied to an input electrodeof the CCD signal register. Other embodiments of the invention arediscussed in detail below.

In the drawing:

FIG. 1 is a section through a CCD system embodying the invention;

FIG. 2 is a drawing of waveforms which are employed in the operation ofthe system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a graph of the voltage applied to the first CCD electrodeversus input charge level in the CCD signal register of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic showing of a circuit for producing a referencevoltage V_(R) such as is employed in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a drawing of surface potential profiles to help explain theoperation of a portion of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a portion of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a section through another CCD system embodying the invention;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of a portion of the system of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a drawing of waveforms employed in the operation of the systemof FIGS. 7 and 8;

FIG. 10 is a drawing of surface potential profiles to help explain theoperation of the system of FIGS. 7 and 8;

FIGS. 11a and 11b are drawing of composite television video signals fortwo different scenes;

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of another form of feedback circuit thatmay be used in a CCD system embodying the invention;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 14-16 are block and schematic diagrams showing embodiments of theinvention in which radiation, such as light, serves as an input to thesystem; and

FIG. 17 is a block and schematic showing of another embodiment of theinvention.

Similar reference characters are employed to identify similar parts inthe various figures.

Referring first to FIG. 1, the CCD system illustrated includes a CCDsignal register 10, a first CCD reference register 12 and a second CCDreference register 14. Each of these registers is shown by way ofexample to comprise a two-phase, buried-channel device employingtwo-level polysilicon gate electrodes. It is to be understood, ofcourse, that this is intended as an example only as the CCD's can beeither of the surface or the buried channel type and can have P or Nsubstrates and can be operated by any practical number of phases.Further, other electrode structures such as single layer or triple layermay be employed, and metal rather than polysilicon electrodes orcombinations of metal and polysilicon electrodes may be employed.

The signal register 10 and the first reference register 12 include "filland spill" input circuits of the type described in U.S. Pat. No.3,986,198, issued Oct. 12, 1976 to Walter F. Kosonocky. In the signalregister 10 this circuit includes a source electrode S₁ which comprisesan N+ diffusion in a P-type silicon substrate, a first gate electrode G₁and a second gate electrode G₂. Here and in the other figures, twooverlapping layers of electrodes are employed and these electrodes arespaced the same distance (such as 1,000Å) from the substrate by aninsulating layer such as one formed of silicon dioxide.

The electrodes G₁ and G₂ are followed by the multiple phase electrodes16, 18; 20, 22; and so on. Electrodes 16 and 18 comprise a set of phase1 (φ₁) electrodes, with electrode 18 the same distance from thesubstrate as electrode 16 and always at a more positive potential thanelectrode 16. The means for offsetting the voltage of electrode 18relative to 16 is illustrated schematically as a battery 24. As is wellunderstood in the art, the electrode pair 16, 18 operated in this waycreates in asymmetrical potential well in the substrate for permittingunidirectional charge propagation. The electrode pair 20, 22 is similarto the pair 16, 18 but is operated by the phase 2 voltage φ₂ rather thanthe phase 1 voltage. Of course other means for creating asymmetricalwells (such as self-aligned ion implanted barriers, as shown in FIG. 7)may be employed in systems embodying the invention.

The first reference register 12 is substantially identical to the firstportion of the signal register 10 and the various electrodes areidentified by the same reference numerals followed by a. As alreadymentioned, these two registers as well as the second reference register14 comprise buried channel CCD's which include a P-type siliconsubstrate 24 and a very thin N-type silicon layer 26 at the surface ofthe P-type substrate. A P-N junction 28 is present between the substrate24 and N-type layer 26. All of the structure shown in FIG. 1 may beintegrated on a common substrate 24.

The output circuit of the first reference register 12, which is alsopart of the input circuit of the second reference register 14, includesa floating N+ diffusion FD. It is followed by electrode pair 32, 34which is driven by a phase 1 reference voltage φ_(1R). This electrodepair is followed by a phase 2 electrode 36 and the latter is followed byan N+ drain diffusion D. The drain diffusion is connected to a source ofpositive voltage +V_(DD).

The system also includes a feedback circuit comprising a differentialamplifier 38 which may be integrated and which is connected at itsinverting input terminal 40 to the floating diffusion and at itsnon-inverting input terminal 42 to a source of reference voltage V_(R).An integrating capacitor 44 is connected between the inverting inputterminal and a point of reference voltage such as ground. In manyapplications this capacitor may be a MOS capacitor (the capacitancebetween the underlying semiconductor and a gate electrode which overlapsat one edge an edge of an N+ diffusion and which is also over an inducedinversion layer under the gate electrode in a P-type substrate as oneexample) or other form of integrated capacitor structure which may beintegrated into the same chip as the remaining elements of the system.The output terminal of the differential amplifier connects to the firstelectrode G_(1a) of the first reference register 12 and connects throughresistor 46 to the first electrode G₁ of the signal register 10. Theinput signal V_(IN), which may be an analog signal, is also applied tothe first gate electrode G.sub. 1 through capacitor 48. The resistor 46serves to isolate the signal source 49 from the differential amplifier38 and from the first reference register 12.

FIG. 3 illustrates, in a general way, the input characteristic of thesignal register 10. V₁ is the DC bias level applied to the first gateelectrode G₁. It may be observed that as the voltage V₁ becomes morepositive, less charge becomes stored in the fill and spill potentialwell (the potential well beneath electrode G₂). This will be discussedin more detail later. It is desired that V₁ be set to some predeterminedlevel such as V_(x) and remain at substantially that level duringquiescent operation. If it is assumed that the input signal V_(IN) is ananalog signal which is symmetrical, then it is desired that V_(x) be ata value such that the CCD operates at the center of its linear region.This corresponds to the point 50 in FIG. 3, and 50 may correspond to acharge which will fill the potential well beneath electrode 18 to 1/2its capacity.

The circuit just described permits this type of operation. Indeed, itpermits the operating point 50 to be placed anywhere desired along thecharacteristic of FIG. 3. In the example just described of a symmetricalinput signal, the operating point 50 may correspond to a bias chargewhich half fills the well beneath electrode 18 (or may correspond to abias charge at some other level depending upon what portion of thecharacteristic is linear and where the linear region is located, thatis, where it is desired that V_(x) be). For some other form of signal,such as an asymmetrical signal, the desired operating point may beplaced closer to the saturation or to cut-off, depending upon the senseof the asymmetry of the input signal relative to the reference base lineof the signal and also on the particular shape of the characteristic.For the asymmetrical composite video of FIGS. 11a and 11b, placing theoperating point close to one end of the linear range of FIG. 3substantially reduces the dynamic range required to handle the peakvideo signal. Where the signal of FIGS. 11a and 11b simply AC coupled tothe CCD, the dynamic range required to handle both signals would be |ΔV₁|+|ΔV₂ |≈2ΔV_(PEAK). However, if the signal is clamped to the mostnegative level--that of the sync pulse, the dynamic range needed is onlyΔV_(PEAK).

The operation of the circuit may be better understood by consideringFIGS. 1, 2 and 5. FIG. 2 shows the operating voltages. The two-phasevoltages φ₁ and φ₂ are symmetrical. V_(S) is the voltage applied to thesource electrodes S₁ and S₂ and φ_(1R) is the reference clock voltagewhich is in phase with φ₁ but is of greater amplitude than φ₁ and whichis applied to the electrode pair 32, 34. These waves are intended asexamples only. Alternatives are possible. For example, the presentinvention is equally applicable to CCD's which employ so-called"push-clock" or "drop-clock" operating waveforms.

At time t₀, φ₁ is low and φ₂ is high. Accordingly, there is a potentialbarrier 60 beneath electrode 16a of the first reference register of FIG.5 and a potential well 62 beneath phase 2 electrode 20a. V_(S) isrelatively negative so that the diffusion S₂ acts as a source of charge(electrons) and this charge flows over the potential barrier 64 beneaththe first electrode G_(1a) and into the potential well 66 beneathelectrode G_(2a). This is the "fill" portion of the "fill and spill"cycle. At time t₁, the voltage V_(S) applied to the diffusion S₂ haschanged from a relatively negative to a relatively positive value. Thediffusion S₂ now operates as a drain. The charge in excess in potentialwell 66 flows over the barrier 64 and into the diffusion S₂.

The charge remaining in potential well 66 in identified as Q_(G2). Itshould be clear from this figure that the height of barrier 64determines the amount of bias charge Q_(G2). As the barrier heightincreases (V₁ less positive), Q_(G2) increases and vice versa.

At time t₂, φ₁ has gone high and 100.sub. 2 has gone low and also φ_(1R)has gone high. Note that φ_(1R) is more positive than φ₁. As φ₁ is high,the charge Q_(G2) formerly in well 66 has shifted to the potential well68 beneath phase 1 electrode 18a. Assume for purpose of the presentexplanation that at a previous time corresponding to t₄ (to be discussedshortly), charge had been shifted into the floating diffusion FD. Theamount of this charge would have depended on the bias voltage level V₁applied to the first electrode G_(1a). At time t₂, when φ_(1R) is high,charge (electrons) in the floating diffusion has passed into thepotential well 70 beneath electrode 34. This filling is part of a filland spill process as will soon become apparent.

At time t₃, φ_(1R) has returned to its low value, reducing the depth ofpotential well 70. The excess charge in this well has spilled back intothe floating diffusion FD, as shown in substrate potential profile d ofFIG. 5. Thus, what has just been described is the net removal of a fixedamount of charge Q_(REF) from the floating diffusion FD. In theembodiment illustrated, the potential beneath electrode 32 at time t₃ isequal to that beneath electrode 36 at time t₃. One might wonder if inthis case some charge prematurely spills from well 70 into the drain D.However tests have shown that by the time the surface potential beneathelectrode 32 reaches the same level as that beneath electrode 36essentially all of the charge which should "spill" already has left well70 and passed into floating diffusion FD with essentially none remainingto pass over the equal height barrier beneath electrode 36. Properoperation is further assured by proper choice of the slope of thelagging edge (high-to-low transition) of the φ_(1R) wave. It is alsopossible to choose the offset voltage between electrodes 32 and 34 to besuch that the height of the barrier beneath electrode 32 at time t₃ islower than that beneath electrode 36.

At time t₄, the charge in potential well 68 has flowed into the floatingdiffusion FD as φ₂ is now relatively positive and φ₁ relativelynegative. Also, the reference charge Q_(REF) previously removed has beenshifted to the drain D.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the capacitor 44 connected to the floatingdiffusion integrates the net charge which is present at this floatingdiffusion. If the charge Q_(REF) removed from FD is the same as thecharge Q_(G2) received by FD, the voltage V_(c) across capacitor 44remains constant; if Q_(REF) >Q_(G2) the voltage V_(c) becomes morepositive (actually less negative); if Q_(REF) >Q_(G2) the voltage V_(c)becomes more negative.

The voltage range of V_(c) over which the circuit will operate properlyis quite wide, in one particular design about 6 volts or so. This rangeis a function of the relative amplitudes of φ_(1R) and φ₂, as will beshown. V_(c) must be within a range such that the floating diffusion FDacts as a drain for reference register 12 and simultaneously acts as asource for the fill and spill input of reference register 14. Referringto FIG. 5, the range of V_(c) is between (1) the potential barrier undergate 18a when 100.sub. 1 is at its most negative level and (2) thepotential barrier under gate 32 when φ_(1R) is at its most positivelevel.

The purpose of the negative feedback circuit comprising differentialamplifier 38 is to shift the DC level at V_(c) to a DC level at V₁compatible with the input stage used, and to provide a signal inversionfrom V_(c) to V₁ for the negative feedback. The performancecharacteristics needed for this differential amplifier are not at allcritical. For example, in a typical design a voltage gain of 5 to 10 isadequate and an input offset voltage up to 0.5 volt would not adverselyaffect circuit operation. The circuit for producing V_(R) produces avalue of V_(R) which initially is near the center of the V_(c) range sothat some drift in V_(R) may be tolerated. When the negative feedbackcircuit reaches steady state, the voltage V_(c) across the capacitor isnearly equal to V_(R) (minus any input offset voltage in thedifferential amplifier) and V₁ reaches a constant value. This constantvalue is such that the next charge packet which is measured and issubsequently shifted to the floating diffusion will exactly equal thefixed amount of charge Q_(REF) which has been removed from the floatingdiffusion. Assume, for example, that the fixed amount of charge Q_(REF)is exactly equal to 1/2 of the charge capacity of the well 68 beneathelectrode 18a. Then when V₁, the feedback voltage, achieves a stablevalue, the charge Q_(G2) which periodically is shifted to the well 68,will fill well 68 to exactly 1/2 of its capacity. This same voltage V₁is fed back to the gate electrode G₁ in the signal register 10.Accordingly, in the absence of input signal V_(IN), the bias chargeperiodically shifted between the phase 1 electrode 18 will also equal1/2 the capacity of well 18. It is assumed here, of course, that the CCDsignal register 10 is substantially identical to the first CCD referenceregister 12 in all respects including electrode dimensions, channeloxide thickness, channel width and so on. All of this, of course, isfeasible when all devices are integrated onto the same substrate.

Assume now that the amount of charge removed from the floating diffusionFD exceeds the amount of charge which is shifted to the floatingdiffusion. In other words, more electrons are removed from the floatingdiffusion than are added thereto. This results in the average voltageacross the capacitor going more positive. This, in turn, causes theoutput voltage V₁ of the differential amplifier to go more negative.This results in a raising of the potential barrier 64 so that upon thecompletion of the next spill cycle (time t₁, FIG. 5) there will be morecharge Q_(G2) present in well 66. This increased charge subsequently isshifted to the floating diffusion FD. This process continues until apoint is reached at which the charge entering the floating diffusionwill equal the charge removed from the floating diffusion at which timethe average voltage V_(C) across the capacitor will equal V_(R) and thevoltage V₁ then will stabilize at a fixed level (the level V_(x) of FIG.3).

Suppose now that there is less charge removed from the floatingdiffusion by the second reference register 14 than is supplied to thefloating diffusion by the first reference register 12. This makes thefloating diffusion more negative (more electrons received than areremoved) so that the average voltage V_(C) across capacitor 44 becomesmore negative. This makes the output voltage V₁ of the differentialamplifier more positive and this lowers the potential barrier 64. This,in turn, reduces the amount of charge stored in well 66 during the nextfill and spill period and which subsequently is shifted by the firstreference register 12 to the floating diffusion. Again the negativefeedback circuit is such as to stabilize the voltage V₁ at the levelV_(x) of FIG. 3 such that the desired amount of charge reaches thefloating diffusion. This automatically controls the voltage applied tothe first gate electrode G₁ of the signal register 10.

In the previous discussion it is stated that V_(R) can be within acertain range. Any variation of V_(R) within this range does not resultin the shifting of the position V_(x) (FIG. 3). So long as V_(R) remainswithin its range, at equilibrium V_(C) will be close to V_(R) and V₁will be at the constant value for which the circuit has been designedand at which Q_(G2) =Q_(REF).

The feedback voltage V₁ in the present system always adjusts the biascomponent of charge Q_(G2) to be exactly equal to Q_(REF). Therefore, toachieve a desired bias level V₁, the system is designed to make the sizeof the well 70 (at time t₃) some desired fraction of the maximumcapacity of the wells beneath multiple phase electrodes in the signalregister such as electrode 18. It is assumed here that the well beneathelectrode G_(2a) is equal in size to the well beneath the electrode G₂of the CCD signal register 10. The approach illustrated in FIG. 6 formaking the well 70 a fraction of the size of the well beneath electrode18, is to reduce the CCD channel width while maintaining the electrode34 length L the same as that of the corresponding previous electrodes(see also FIG. 5). In the interest of obtaining high speed chargepropagation, the length L of all electrodes generally is made as smallas the photolithographic techniques used in the manufacture of the CCDwill permit. Therefore, it generally is not possible to decrease thesize of a potential well by decreasing L. However, the channel widthreadily can be decreased. In the example given, where it is desired thatthe potential well 70 at time t₃ be one half the maximum possible sizeof a potential well beneath electrode 18, the channel width in thesecond CCD reference register 14 is made one half that in the first CCDreference register 12 as shown in FIG. 6.

There are alternative structures available for controlling the size ofthe potential wells in the second CCD reference register 14. One is toshift the charge from the diffusion FD into two diverging CCD channels.These two channels can have geometries (widths) such that the chargesplits in any desired proportion, such as 50% into each channel (for thecase of equal channel widths and equal electrode lengths) or in anyother desired ratio. The charge in one of these channels may then bereturned (shifted back) to the floating diffusion FD and the charge inthe other channel removed by shifting it to a drain. In this case thecharge which is removed to the drain is Q_(REF).

It would also be possible to change the size of the potential wellbeneath electrode 34 by controlling the offset voltage betweenelectrodes 32 and 34 at time t₃. In other words, the offset voltagebetween electrodes 32 and 34 would have to be made different than thatbetween the φ₁ electrode pairs. However, this is generally lessconvenient than controlling the well capacity by changing the electrodearea.

There are a number of circuits available for producing the referencevoltage V_(R). One convenient on-chip circuit for performing thisfunction is illustrated in FIG. 4. It comprises a buried channeldepletion mode transistor which includes a source electrode 80, a drainelectrode 82 and a gate electrode 84. The source and drain electrodescomprise N+ diffusions in the substrate and the conduction channel ofthe transistor includes the buried channel 26' which is comparable tothe buried channel of the CCD. This buried channel is N-type siliconover the P-type silicon substrate 24. A source of operating voltageV_(DD) connects to the drain electrode. A voltage divider R₂, R₃ isconnected between the drain electrode 82 and a point at a referencepotential (such as the most negative part of φ₁), shown as ground, andthe gate electrode 84 connects to the tap 86 of the voltage divider. Acurrent source 88 such as a resistor or a field effect transistorconnected to operate as a load, connects between the source electrode 80and ground.

In operation, the voltage divider comprising R₂ and R₃ is designed sothat node 86, which is connected to the gate electrode of the buriedchannel transistor, is biased to about +3V. The transistor is operatedin its saturation region and is biased about 0.5V into conduction beyondits threshold voltage V_(T) by the relatively low current source 88.This sets the source diffusion 80 to a voltage V_(R) which is+3V-0.5=2.5V more positive than the buried channel potential minimumunder the storage gate electrode 18a when φ₁ is at ground potential (itslowest value) as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5 at time t₀. This places V_(R)near the middle of its allowable operating range.

While in the circuit of FIG. 1 the negative feedback circuit is shown toinclude a differential amplifier, other forms of feedback circuits maybe used instead. As one example, the feedback circuit may comprise avoltage level shifter for translating the average voltage of thefloating diffusion FD to a second voltage level which is compatible withthe level required by the electrode G₁, which is substantially differentfrom the voltage at FD, and without requiring the voltage gain of adifferential amplifier. A circuit of this kind is illustrated in FIG. 12and discussed later.

Copending U.S. application Ser. No. 758,184 for "Linear CCD InputCircuit" filed Jan. 10, 1977 by J. E. Carnes, P. A. Levine and D. J.Sauer (the present inventor) and assigned to the same assignee as thepresent application, discusses the transfer function of the inputcircuit to a buried channel CCD. This input circuit is shown to have acharacteristic which is relatively nonlinear at low input signal levelsand which is linear at higher input signal levels. In certainapplications, for example in CCD delay lines employed to delay analogsignals such as the video signals of television, this type of inputcharacteristic is highly disadvantageous as signals at relatively lowlevels become distorted. It is desirable in such applications that theinput transfer function be as linear as possible.

The CCD signal register 10a shown at the top of FIG. 7 and shown in planview in FIG. 8, operates on the same principle as the CCD registerdescribed in the above-identified application. However, in the FIG. 7system, the CCD structure is somewhat different than that of thecopending application. The FIG. 7 system utilizes self-aligned barrierimplants such as 85 and 87 under the second layer gate electrodes inorder to obtain an asymmetrical potential well in the substrate forpermitting unidirectional charge propagation with two phase clocking.Typical processing parameters for a buried N-channel CCD with thisstructure are: (1) Substrate: P-type 30-50 Ω-cm resistivity; (2) N-typeburied layers implant: Phosphorous, Dose=1.3×10¹² /cm², Energy=150 keV,junction depth X_(j) =0.75 micron; (3) P-type barrier implant: Boron,Dose=4×10¹¹ /cm², Energy 100 keV. As in the register of the copendingapplication, the CCD 10a includes electrodes G₁, G₂ and G₃ before thefirst multiple phase electrode. These electrodes are operated in such away that a fixed charge level Q_(F) (FIG. 10) always remains stored inthe potential well beneath electrode G₂. This fixed charge level acts asa bias on the input transfer characteristic of the CCD to make thecircuit operate only in the linear region of its characteristic.Superimposed over this fixed charge level Q_(F) is an additional chargewhich comprises a bias plus signal charge Q.sub.(B+S). This additionalcharge subsequently is "skimmed" from the potential well beneathelectrode G₂ and transmitted down the CCD register. The CCD channelsubsequently is tapered down in width by an amount such that the maximumbias plus signal charge Q.sub.(B+S) will fill the first potential wellin the narrower channel region.

The operation above is depicted in the substrate potential profiles ofFIG. 10 when considered in connection with the operating waveforms ofFIG. 9. At time t_(B), the voltage V_(S) applied to diffusion S₁, causesthis diffusion to operate as a source of charge carriers (electrons) andthese flow into the potential well 90 beneath electrode G₂. At timet_(C), the voltage V_(S) is at a more positive level sufficiently so tocause the diffusion S₁ to operate as a drain and excess charge spillsfrom the potential well 90 back into the diffusion S₁. There remains inpotential well 90 a fixed charge level Q_(F) and a bias plus signalcharge Q.sub.(B+S). This bias plus signal charge includes a directvoltage component whose value is dependent on the voltage V₁ applied togate electrode G₁. That is, this bias component is dependent on thelevel of potential barrier 92 in the absence of input signal. In thecase of a symmetrical input signal V_(IN), the voltage V₁ will establisha potential barrier 92 such that the bias component of the chargeQ.sub.(B+S) will be at the center of the linear region of the inputcharacteristic. This may correspond, for example, to 1/2 the capacity ofthe potential well beneath electrode 94 in the main portion of the CCDchannel, that is, the narrowed down portion of the CCD channel as shownin FIG. 8. For an asymmetrical input signal, the voltage V₁ can be madeto cause an operating point close to either end of the linear region ofthe input characteristic of the CCD depending upon the direction ofasymmetry of the input signal.

At time t_(D), when the voltage V₃ applied to the gate electrode G₃ isat its most positive value and when φ₁ is also at its most positivevalue, the charge Q.sub.(B+S) has transferred from well 90 to thepotential well 96 now present beneath the first phase 1 electrode 98. Inother words, this charge Q.sub.(B+S) has been skimmed from the potentialwell 90, leaving behind the fixed charge level Q_(F). The chargeQ.sub.(B+S) subsequently is propagated down the CCD in conventionalfashion.

The technique already described may be employed to control the V₁ levelto make the bias component Q_(B) of the charge Q.sub.(B+S) at any leveldesired. The complete system is shown in FIG. 7. It includes a first CCDreference register 12a which is comparable to register 12 of FIG. 1 butwhich now is substantially identical to the input portion of the CCDsignal register 10a. In other words, its electrodes which are identifiedby the same characters as the electrodes of register 10a but followed byan a, are substantially identical in construction and dimensions to theelectrodes of register 10a. In other respects, the registers 12a and 14afunction in the same way as the corresponding registers 12 and 14 ofFIG. 1. The capacitor 44a integrates the charge level on the floatingdiffusion FD and the differential amplifier 38a operates in the same wayas the differential amplifier 38 of FIG. 1. The circuit automaticallyregulates the voltage V₁ to a fixed value by controlling the amount ofcharge Q_(B) which is shifted to the floating diffusion FD to beprecisely equal to the fixed amount of charge Q_(REF) which is removedfrom the floating diffusion by the second CCD reference register 14a.Under these conditions, V_(C) becomes substantially equal to V_(R) andthe circuit stabilizes.

As in the case of FIG. 1, feedback circuits other than specific onesillustrated may be employed for performing the regulating function, thatis, for adjusting V₁ to a level such that the charge shifted to thefloating diffusion FD is equal to the charge removed from the floatingdiffusion. Under this set of conditions, of course, the voltage V₁applied through resistor 46 to the first gate electrode G₁ is at thedesired, automatically regulated value.

In the two embodiments of the invention discussed herein, fill and spillinput circuits are employed. It is to be understood that these areintended as examples only. The inventive teachings are applicable alsoto other conventional CCD inputs. For example, they are applicable toCCD's using the so-called current input method in which there is aninput source diffusion which is maintained at a fixed potential, a firstgate electrode which receives a gating pulse during each cycle ofoperation and a second gate electrode which receives both a DC biasvoltage and an AC signal which is capacitively coupled to this secondgate electrode. The DC bias applied to the second electrode may becontrolled by a technique similar to that discussed herein; however, thefeedback circuit should not include a signal inversion as previouslyshown. For example, the inverting and noninverting inputs of thedifferential amplifier may be interchanged to provide proper negativefeedback required in this case.

The invention also is applicable to a CCD input circuit using theso-called voltage input method in which the source electrode receivesthe input signal, the first gate electrode receives a gating pulseduring each clock cycle and the second gate electrode receives a DCvoltage and acts as the input storage well. Here the feedback voltage isapplied to the source diffusion through a signal isolating resistor andthe AC signal is capacitively coupled to the source. In this case, thefeedback circuit may be the same as that illustrated for the first twoembodiments of the invention except that V₁ controls the DC bias voltageon the source diffusion.

In the various embodiments of the invention which have been discussed,charge is shifted to the floating diffusion FD during spaced first timeintervals and is removed from the floating diffusion during spacedsecond time intervals interleaved with the first time intervals.However, as the integrating capacitor holds the floating diffusionvoltage nearly constant during any one operating cycle, it is possibleto operate the circuit in a different way. Thus, it is possible toremove the Q_(REF) charge from the floating diffusion concurrently withthe delivery of the Q_(G2) charge to the floating diffusion. Foroperation in this way, a voltage φ_(2R) would be applied to theelectrode pair 32, 34 (FIG. 1) or 32a, 34a (FIG. 7) where φ_(2R) bears asimilar relationship to φ₂ that φ_(1R) bears to φ₁. In this case, ofcourse φ₁ would replace φ₂ as the drive voltage for electrode 36 or 36a.

It has been mentioned previously that one may employ for the feedbackcircuit of a CCD system embodying the invention a level shifter ratherthan a differential amplifier. A suitable level shifter circuit isillustrated in FIG. 12. It is shown interconnected in a system such asthat of FIG. 7 with the voltages chosen to be suitable for a compositevideo signal such as shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b. This level shiftingfeedback circuit includes also a circuit for clamping the video signalto the level of the most negative-going sync pulses.

The circuit of FIG. 12 includes a current mirror amplifier formed ofenchancement mode MOS transistors 102 and 104 and having enhancementmode MOS transistors 101 and 103 as loads for the current mirroramplifier. Transistors 105 and 106 following the current mirror comprisean inverting amplifier stage. Transistors 107 and 109 following theinverting amplifier, comprise clamps. Transistor 108, 110 and 112together comprise a second current mirror amplifier with diode-connectedinput transistor 112 receiving the input current to the mirror, withterminal 114 forming the common terminal of the mirror and with nodes116 and 118 comprising output terminals of the mirror. The currentmirror transistors 108 and 110 serve as current sources for the clampingtransistors 107 and 109, respectively. Transistor 111 serves as acurrent source for the input transistor 112 of the current mirror. Adepletion mode device is employed for transistor 111 as it provides amore constant current source than would an enhancement device.

In operation, the gate electrode of transistor 103 connects to thefloating diffusion FD and to the integrating capacitor 44a. It receivesa voltage which is dependent upon the average charge stored in theintegrating capacitor 44a. The transfer function from node 120 at whichthe voltage V_(c) appears, to the node 124 is inverting, with a typicalgain of about 3. If the voltage V_(c) at node 120 is equal to thevoltage V_(DD), which in this example is chosen to be +16 volts, thenboth nodes 119 and 122 will be at the same voltage level which isapproximately +3.7 volts. This voltage level is a function of √K₁₀₁/K₁₀₂, where K₁₀₁ =channel width/channel length of transistor 101, andK₁₀₂ is the same parameter for transistor 102.

In operation, the current i₄ flowing in the drain of transistor 104mirrors the current i₂ flowing in the drain of transistor 102.Transistor 103 acts as a source follower and transistor 104 serves as acurrent source. The voltage at node 122 follows changes in V_(c) with atypical gain of 0.8. The signal at node 122 is further amplified by theMOS transistor 106 which has a "ratioed" load transistor 105. The gainof this inverting amplifier is typically 3.8. Thus the overall voltagegain from node 120 to node 124 is about 3. In the example illustrated inFIG. 12 where V_(c) =15.6 volts, which is within the operating range forV_(c), the voltage at node 116 will be +3.0 volts. The operating rangefor V_(c) typically may be between 11 and 20 volts or so and isconsistent with a fan and skim type of input in which electrode G₃ ofFIG. 7 is pulsed from ground to +3 volts.

The geometries of the transistors forming current mirror 108, 110, 112are such that transistors 108 and 110 act as low current sources forclamping transistors 107 and 109, respectively. In the exampleillustrated, transistor 111 supplies a current of 0.1 ma (milliamperes)to the input transistor 112 of the current mirror and the current i₈ andi₁₀ drawn by current sources 106 and 108, respectively, are 0.01 ma.(Typical geometries for the transistors of FIG. 12 are given later.) Theactual value of the currents i₈ and i₁₀ is not critical. The value ofthe current affects the input resistance seen by the input signalV_(IN). This input resistance should be greater than 100 kilohms so thatthe value of the input coupling capacitance C_(IN) between the signalsource and the gate G₁ of the signal register 10_(a), does not have tobe too large while still being able to pass the lowest frequency videoinformation of interest.

The clamping voltage developed at node 116 at the output of clampingtransistor 107, is supplied to the gate electrode G_(1a) of thereference register 12a. It places a bias voltage +3 volts on the gateelectrode G_(1a) of the reference register 12a which is equal to the 3volts bias supplied by clamping transistor 109 to the gate electrode G₁of the signal register 10a in the absence of input signal, that is, whenV_(IN) =0. The clamping level is referenced to the voltage at node 124.In the example illustrated, this level is +4.7 volts and it may beassumed that the threshold voltage V_(T) of enchancement type transistor105 is 1.7 volts. As the gate electrode of transistor 107 is clamped to4.7 volts, its source electrode (at node 114) is clamped to 4.7volts-V_(T) =3 volts.

The clamping transistor 109 clamps the gate electrode G₁ at the samelevel +3 volts as transistor 107 clamps gate electrode G_(1a). Thisvalue corresponds to the voltage level at the most negative-goingportion of the sync pulses of FIG. 11. With the gate G₁ biased in thisway, the size of electrode 34a of FIG. 7 should be such that the chargeQ_(REF) removed from the floating diffusion is close to a full well ofcharge. In other words, the bias portion Q_(B) of the charge inpotential well 90 of FIG. 10 should occupy almost the remainder of thefull well above the fixed charge level Q_(F) or in terms of FIG. 3, theoperating point 50 is close to the saturation region of thecharacteristic. The reason is that the signal content comprises positiveswings relative to the clamping level and as previously pointed out, apositive signal swing lowers the amount of charge in the well 90. Inbrief, as the gate electrode G₁ becomes more positive, the barrier 92(FIG. 10) becomes lower and the amount of charge which remains in well90 upon the completion of the spill process, becomes lower.

There is a capacitor C_(A) between the common gate connection 113 of themirror 108, 110, 112 and circuit ground. Its purpose is to act as a highfrequency bypass for preventing high frequency video feedthrough to thegate electrode G_(1a) of the reference register 12a. In the absence ofthis capacitor, signal could be coupled from the input signal sourceV_(IN) via output terminal 118 of the current mirror amplifier to commongate electrode connection 113 to output terminal 116 of the currentmirror amplifier and thence to the gate electrode G_(1a).

The table below gives some typical examples of transistor dimensions andcurrent levels in the circuit of FIG. 12. It is to be understood thatthese are intended as examples only as other designs are possible.

    ______________________________________                                                 Channel     Channel                                                  Transistor                                                                             Width (Mils)                                                                              Length (Mils)                                                                             Current (mA)                                 ______________________________________                                        101      0.4         2                                                        102      1           0.3         i.sub.2 = 0.24                               103      0.4         2                                                        104      1           0.3         i.sub.4 = 0.24                               105      0.4         2                                                        106      1           0.3         i.sub.6 = 0.2                                107      2           0.3                                                      108      0.4         2           i.sub.8 = 0.01                               109      2           0.3                                                      110      0.4         2           i.sub.10 = 0.01                              111      0.4         2                                                        112      1           0.3         i.sub.12 = 0.1                               ______________________________________                                    

In the various embodiments of the invention discussed so far, referenceregister 14 operates synchronously with reference register 12. In otherwords, all of the operating voltages V_(S), φ₁, φ₂ and φ_(1R) are at thesame frequency. In addition, the controllable amount of charge producedby register 12 is shifted to the floating diffusion FD during firstspaced time intervals and the fixed amounts of charge are removed fromthe floating diffusion by the reference register 14 during spaced secondtime intervals which are interleaved with the first spaced timeintervals. FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the invention suitablefor use as a frequency discriminator in which reference register 12 (or12a) operates nonsynchronously with reference register 14 (or 14a).

In the operation of the circuit of FIG. 13, reference register 12operates at a fixed frequency, that is, the various operating voltagesV_(S), φ₁ and φ₂ are the same and remain fixed. An incoming signal at afrequency f_(IN) applied to wave forming circuits 100 causes thesecircuits to produce the drive voltages φ_(1R) ' and φ₂ ' for referenceregister 14 (or 14a). The voltage φ_(1R) ' is applied to the sameelectrodes, such as 32 and 34, as the voltage φ_(1R) is applied inFIG. 1. The voltage φ₂ ' is applied to the electrode, such as 36, towhich the voltage φ₂ is applied in FIG. 1. φ_(1R) ' and φ₂ ' have thesame relationship to one another as do the voltages φ_(1R) and φ₂ inFIG. 2 or the voltages φ_(1R) and φ₂ in FIG. 9, depending upon whetherregisters 12 and 14 or 12a and 14a are being employed. However, thefrequency of these waves is dependent on the frequency f_(IN) of theinput signal. This signal may, for example, be a train of pulses at apulse repetition frequency f_(IN).

The principle of operation of the circuit of FIG. 13 is similar to thatwhich has already been given. The reference register 12 (or 12a)supplies controllable amounts of charge to the floating diffusion duringspaced first time intervals. The reference register 14 (or 14a) removesa fixed amount of charge from the floating diffusion during spacedsecond time intervals. These second time intervals generally are notinterleaved with the first time intervals. The amount of charge removedfrom the floating diffusion during a given interval of time ΔT willdepend upon the frequency f_(IN) of the input signal, that is, thehigher the frequency, the more charge removed.

The feedback circuit 101 may be any one of those previously illustratedand includes an integrating capacitor 44 (or 44a) which is illustratedwithin block 100. The feedback circuit controls the voltage fed back toelectrode G_(1a) of the reference register 12 (or 12a) to be at a levelsuch that the controllable amount of charge supplied to the floatingdiffusion during a given interval ΔT becomes equal to the fixed amountof charge removed from the floating diffusion during this same intervalΔT (assuming ΔT to encompass a reasonable number of periods of f_(IN)).At the same time the feedback circuit supplies a bias voltage over lead102 to the signal register 10. Thus, the signal register produces anamount of bias charge during each clock period which is proportional tothe frequency f_(IN) of the input signal to the wave forming circuits100. In the present circuit the signal register 10 does not receiveinput signal (such as V_(IN) of FIG. 1) but receives only the biassignal supplied over lead 102. The output voltage V_(OUT) is therefore ameasure of the input signal frequency f_(IN) and may be detected and/oremployed for frequency control purposes.

FIG. 14 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention. Here, thefirst reference register 12 has degenerated to simply the floatingdiffusion FD. The second reference generator 14 is the same as thatemployed previously. For the sake of generality, this embodiment hasbeen illustrated as a surface channel device.

The feedback circuit including capacitor 44 and differential amplifier38 supplies its output to light-emitting diode 106. The latter projectsits light either directly or by means of an optical system illustratedschematically at 108 onto the floating diffusion FD. The sense of theconnection is such that the charge carriers generated when the photonsstrike the floating diffusion become equal in number to the numberremoved from the floating diffusion by the second reference register 14so that an equilibrium condition is established in the same manner as inthe previous embodiments. With the circuit arranged similarly to FIG.13, that is, with an input signal f_(IN) which for purposes of thepresent discussion can be assumed to be a frequency modulated signal,the light produced by the light-emitting diode 106 will be amplitudemodulated. A second light-emitting diode 110 may be employed forproducing an amplitude modulated light output corresponding to thefrequency modulated electrical input to the wave forming circuits 100.

FIG. 15 illustrates a modification of the circuit of FIG. 14. Here, thelight-emitting diode illuminates the substrate region beneath φ₁electrode 18a of the first reference register 12, only a portion ofwhich is illustrated. The carriers thereby generated in the substrateadd to the carriers introduced by the source electrode S₁ (not shown)and shifted to the potential well beneath electrode 18a by the φ₁voltage. The remainder of the circuit while not illustrated in FIG. 15,is similar to the circuit of FIG. 14 and includes the second referencegenerator 14, the wave forming circuits 100 and so on. The operation issimilar to that of the circuit of FIG. 14 in that the first referenceregister supplies to the floating diffusion a number of charge carriersequal to that removed by the second reference register as alreadydiscussed.

Another form of system is shown in FIG. 16, this one for producing afrequency modulated output in response to an amplitude modulated lightinput. The amplitude modulated light input is applied through opticalsystem 108 to the floating diffusion. The first reference register 12 isabsent. The second reference register 14 is present and shownschematically. The differential amplifier 38 supplies its signal to avoltage controlled oscillator 160 which produces a signal at an outputfrequency determined by the voltage produced by the differentialamplifier. This signal controls the wave forming circuits 100 whichproduce the φ'_(1R) and φ'₂ driving voltages for the second referenceregister 14. These voltages are at frequencies such that the secondreference register 14 removes from the floating diffusion FD an amountof charge equal to that supplied to the floating diffusion in responseto the amplitude modulated light input. It can be seen that the outputfrequency of the voltage controlled oscillator, which is the output ofthe system, is frequency-modulated in correspondence with theamplitude-modulation of the input light to the system. The system ofFIG. 16, in other words, is an amplitude-modulatedsignal-to-frequency-modulated signal converter, the input signal beingin the form of light or other radiation to which the floating diffusionis sensitive.

In the various embodiments of the invention which have been discussedwhich employ a first reference register 12, this register is stated tobe essentially identical in physical and electrical characteristics tothe input end of the signal register 10. In terms of channel widths, thewidth W₁₂ of the channel of register 12 is equal to the width W₁₀ ofsignal register 10. The width of reference register 14 is made to be ofa value such that the proper reference charge Q_(REF) is generated. Thesize of this reference charge determines the level at which the signalregister is DC biased. In one of the examples discussed, the width ofthe channel in register 14 is made half that of the channel of register12. Operated in this way, the signal register is biased close to thecenter of its linear operating region. In mathematical terms:

    W.sub.14 =1/2W.sub.12 =1/2W.sub.10                         (1)

The above is not essential to the invention. Other channel widthproportions can be employed to achieve the same effect. For example, thesame effect as just discussed can be obtained if the channel width ofsignal register 10 is made equal to that of reference register 14,provided that the width of channel 12 is made double that of channels 10and 14. In mathematical terms:

    W.sub.14 =W.sub.10 =W.sub.12 /2                            (2)

In other words, with this relationship among channel widths, the signalregister 10 will again be biased at about the center of its linearoperating region as shown in FIG. 3, operating point 50.

In general terms, the bias charge Q_(B) supplied to the signal register10, may be defined as follows:

    Q.sub.B =Q.sub.REF ×(W.sub.10 /W.sub.12)             (3)

In terms of a full well Q_(F), that is, the charge which would bepresent at saturation (FIG. 3) of the signal register 10

    Q.sub.REF =(W.sub.14 /W.sub.10)×Q.sub.F              (4)

Substituting equation 4 into equation 3 gives the general expression forthe relative widths of the channels of registers 14 and 12 in terms ofthe full well charge as follows:

    Q.sub.B =(W.sub.14 /W.sub.12)×Q.sub.F                (5)

Equation (5) may be used by the designer to calculate relative channelwidths for any desired bias charge level. For example, to obtain a biascharge Q_(B) which is 1/3 of a full well charge, the ratio of W₁₄ /W₁₂should be 1/3 and is independent of W₁₀. (However, it is often desirableto make W₁₀ of the same dimensions as W₁₂ for other reasons.)

In a number of embodiments of the invention described so far, thefloating diffusion FD receives charge during discrete spaced timeintervals. In the embodiment of FIG. 17 the floating diffusion receivescharge continuously. In other respects, the operation is similar to thatof the frequency discriminator shown in FIG. 13. The difference betweenthe circuit of FIG. 13 and that of FIG. 17 is that in the latter, avoltage controlled current source 110 is substituted for the firstreference register. This current source comprises a transistor having asource electrode S₁ corresponding to the source of the CCD, a gateelectrode G₁ and a drain electrode comprising the floating diffusion FD.The feedback circuit 101 controls the voltage applied to the gateelectrode G₁ and in this way controls the current continuously suppliedto the floating diffusion. The second reference register, which isillustrated here as a surface channel CCD 14, removes charge duringspaced intervals recurring at a period corresponding to the frequencyf_(IN) of the signal applied to the wave forming circuits 100. Here asin FIG. 13, the integrating capacitor such as 44 in the feedback circuitis specifically illustrated as it is desired that such a capacitance bepresent to integrate the charge at the floating diffusion.

The circuit 104 comprises the output transistor S₂, D₂, G_(c) of acurrent mirror amplifier. The input transistor is current source 110 andthe gate electrode-to-drain electrode connection of this inputtransistor comprises feedback circuit 101. The output current of thecurrent mirror, available at lead 107, mirrors the current supplied tothe floating diffusion FD. This current is translated to a voltageV_(OUT) across resistor R₁, where V_(OUT) ∝f_(IN).

While the circuit of FIG. 17 is shown embodied in the surface channelCCD, it can instead be formed of a buried channel CCD similar to thoseillustrated in other of the figures.

What is claimed is:
 1. In a charge-coupled circuit which includes asemi-conductor substrate of given conductivity type, a plurality ofelectrode means insulated from the substrate responsive to appliedvoltages for the storage and propagation of charge in said substrate,and an electrically floating region in the substrate of differentconductivity type than the substrate, in combination:means for supplyinga controllable amount of charge to said region .Iadd.in accordance witha continuous function of the level of a direct voltage appliedthereto.Iaddend.; means including a number of said electrode means forremoving from said region, during each of a plurality of spaced timeintervals, a fixed quantity of charge, that is, an amount of chargewhich is of substantially the same magnitude from one time interval tothe next; and feedback circuit means for adjusting the controllableamount of charge supplied to said region to be equal to the chargeremoved from that region so as to tend to maintain said floating regionat a relatively constant average voltage level, said feedback circuitmeans including means responsive .Iadd.solely .Iaddend.to said averagevoltage level at said floating region for applying .[.a.]. .Iadd.said.Iaddend.direct voltage bias at a level proportional to said averagevoltage level to said means for supplying a controllable amount ofcharge.
 2. In a charge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 1, saidmeans for supplying a controllable amount of charge comprising:a sourceof charge carriers in said substrate; and at least one of said electrodemeans adjacent to said source and responsive to said feedback circuitmeans for controlling the amount of charge supplied by said source. 3.In a charge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 1, said means forsupplying a controllable amount of charge to said floating regioncomprising means for causing a flow of said charge in a continuousstream.
 4. In a charge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 1, saidmeans for supplying a controllable amount of charge to said floatingregion comprising means for doing so during each of a plurality ofspaced, discrete first time intervals.
 5. In a charge-coupled circuit asset forth in claim 4, said means for supplying a controllable amount ofcharge to said region comprising:a source of charge carriers in saidsubstrate; and one of said electrode means.Iadd., hereafter termed agate electrode, .Iaddend.adjacent to said source responsive to saidfeedback circuit means for controlling the amount of charge introducedby said source, and a further one of said electrode means forpropagating said .Iadd.introduced .Iaddend.charge to said floatingregion.
 6. In a charge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 5, furtherincluding:a charge-coupled device signal register having a sourceelectrode for introducing charge, and one of said electrode means,hereafter termed a .Iadd.second .Iaddend.gate electrode, for controllingthe amount of said charge introduced by said source electrode .Iadd.inaccordance with the level of a voltage bias applied to said second gateelectrode.Iaddend.; an input signal terminal for receiving a signalpotential coupled to said .Iadd.second .Iaddend.gate electrode .[.ofsaid signal register.].; and means receptive of an output of saidfeedback circuit means for applying .[.a.]. .Iadd.said .Iaddend.directvoltage bias exclusive of said signal potential to said .Iadd.second.Iaddend.gate electrode .[.of said signal register.]. .Iadd.at a levelproportional to said average voltage level.Iaddend..
 7. In acharge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 6, said means for applyinga direct voltage bias to said .Iadd.second .Iaddend.gate electrode .[.ofsaid signal register.]. comprising means for doing so at a level tocause a bias charge to be introduced by the source electrode of saidsignal register which is equal to the amount of charge introduced by thefirst mentioned source of charge carriers.
 8. In a charge-coupledcircuit as set forth in claim 5, said feedback circuit means comprisinga differential amplifier having two input terminals, one of which iscoupled to said floating region, integrating means coupled to saidfloating region for integrating the voltage applied to said one inputterminal, means for applying a voltage at a reference level to the otherof said input terminals, and said differential amplifier having anoutput terminal connected to said gate electrode for supplying a directvoltage bias thereto.
 9. In a charge-coupled circuit as set forth inclaim 4, said feedback circuit means comprising a level shifter, thatis, a circuit for translating the average voltage level at said floatingregion to a direct voltage bias at a different voltage level.
 10. In acharge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 4, said means for removinga fixed quantity of charge from said region comprising means forremoving said charge during second time intervals interleaved with thespaced first time intervals.
 11. In a charge-coupled circuit as setforth in claim 1, said means for supplying a controllable amount ofcharge to said floating region comprising a source of light.
 12. In acharge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 1, further includingcurrent mirror amplifier means having an input terminal, an outputterminal and a common terminal, said feedback circuit supplying an inputsignal to said input terminal.
 13. In a charge-coupled device (CCD)circuit which includes a semiconductor substrate of given conductivitytype in which charges may be stored and propagated in response tovoltages applied to electrodes which are insulated from the substrate,and which includes an electrically floating region in the substrate ofdifferent conductivity type .[.than.]. .Iadd.from .Iaddend.thesubstrate, in combination:a first CCD register integrated into saidsubstrate, including a plurality of said electrodes, for shifting chargeinto said floating region during each of a plurality of first timeintervals; a second CCD register integrated into said substrate,including a plurality of said electrodes, for removing a fixed quantityof charge, that is, a quantity whose value is substantially.[.contant.]. .Iadd.constant.Iaddend.constant, from said floating regionduring each of a plurality of spaced second time intervals, each secondtime interval occurring during a period of time that charge is presentin said region and prior to the shifting into said region during thefollowing first time interval of another controllable amount of charge;and a negative feedback circuit including means for integrating thevoltage present at said floating region, and means responsive to.Iadd.solely the level of .Iaddend.said integrated voltage for supplyinga direct voltage bias level to said first CCD register forcontrolling.Iadd., in accordance with a continuous function of theintegrated voltage level, .Iaddend.the amount of charge shifted by saidfirst CCD register into said floating region during each first intervalto be equal to said fixed quantity of charge removed from said floatingregion by said second CCD register during each second interval.
 14. In acharge-coupled device circuit as set forth in claim 13, furtherincluding:a third CCD register having a signal input circuit whichincludes one of said electrodes, hereafter termed an input electroderesponsive to an input signal for introducing a signal charge into saidthird CCD register; and means responsive to said feedback circuit forapplying a direct voltage bias to said input electrode for introducing.[.a.]. .Iadd.an amount of .Iaddend.bias charge.Iadd., in accordancewith a continuous function of the integrated voltage level,.Iaddend.into said third CCD register concurrently with the introductionof said signal charge.
 15. A charge-coupled circuit as set forth inclaim 14 wherein said first CCD register including an input circuitwhich is substantially identical to that of said third CCD register. 16.A charge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 15, wherein said firstand third CCD registers include input circuits of the fill and spilltype, each such circuit comprising:means including at least one of saidelectrodes, hereafter termed a storage electrode, providing a storagepotential well in said substrate, a second region in the substrate ofdifferent conductivity type than the substrate, and an input one of saidelectrodes located between said second region and said storage electrodefor controlling the flow of charge between said second region and saidstorage potential well, means for operating said second region as asource of charge carriers to fill said storage potential well withcharge, and means for operating said second region as a drain for chargecarriers to remove some of the charge carriers from said storagepotential well to leave in said storage potential well an amount ofcharge dependent on the difference in potential between said input andsaid storage electrodes.
 17. A charge-coupled circuit as set forth inclaim 16, wherein each input circuit comprises:a diffusion in thesubstrate of opposite conductivity than the substrate, and first andsecond of said electrodes insulated from the substrate, the firstelectrode adjacent to the diffusion and between it and the secondelectrode, said input signal being applied to the first electrode ofsaid third CCD register; and wherein: said means responsive to saidfeedback circuit comprising means for applying said direct voltage biasto said first electrode of said third CCD register, and said means forcontrolling the amount of charge shifted by said first CCD register intosaid floating region comprising means for applying said direct voltagebias to said first electrode of said first CCD register.
 18. Acharge-coupled circuit as set forth in claim 17, wherein the inputcircuits of said first and third CCD registers each further includes, athird one of said electrodes adjacent to said second electrode, meansfor shifting charge from the substrate region beneath said secondelectrode via the substrate region beneath said third electrode, andmeans for controlling the potential of said third electrode during theshifting of said charge from the substrate region beneath said secondelectrode so that there remains behind in the substrate region beneathsaid second electrode, a fixed amount of charge.
 19. In a charge-coupleddevice (CCD) which includes a substrate, a source of charge carriers insaid substrate, a storage electrode insulated from the substrate closeto said source of charge carriers, electrodes insulated from thesubstrate responsive to applied voltages for storing and propagatingcharges in said substrate, means including one of said electrodesresponsive to an input signal whose value may vary for transferring fromsaid source of charge carriers to the substrate region beneath saidstorage electrode an amount of charge dependent upon the amplitude ofsaid input signal, and means including one of said electrodes responsiveto a direct voltage at a reference level for transferring from saidsource of charge carriers to said substrate region a bias charge, theimprovement comprising:negative feedback means, including means fortranslating said direct voltage level into a reference charge of amagnitude .[.proportional to.]. .Iadd.that is a linear function solelyof .Iaddend.said direct voltage level, and means for sensing a change inthe value of said reference charge which tends to occur when theamplitude of said direct voltage reference level tends to change, forautomatically returning said direct voltage level to said referencelevel to thereby maintain the level of said bias charge substantiallyconstant.
 20. In a charge-coupled device (CCD) which includes asubstrate, a source of charge carriers in said substrate, a storageelectrode insulated from the substrate close to said source of chargecarriers, electrodes insulated from the substrate responsive to appliedvoltages for storing and propagating charges in said substrate, meansincluding one of said electrodes responsive to an input signal whosevalue may vary for transferring from said source of charge carriers tothe substrate region beneath said storage electrode an amount of chargedependent upon the amplitude of said input signal, and means includingone of said electrodes responsive to a direct voltage at a referencelevel for transferring from said source of charge carriers to saidsubstrate region a bias charge, the improvement comprising:a CCDreference register including a substrate, a source of charge carriers insaid substrate, a storage electrode insulated from said substrate closeto said source of said CCD reference register, means responsive to saiddirect voltage at said reference level for transferring from said sourceof said CCD reference register to the substrate region beneath saidstorage electrode of said CCD reference register a controlled amount ofcharge .Iadd.that is a continuous function of the value of said directvoltage.Iaddend., and means responsive .Iadd.solely .Iaddend.to thelevel of said controlled amount of charge for maintaining the value ofsaid direct voltage at said reference level.
 21. A charge-coupled deviceas set forth in claim 20 wherein said means responsive to the level ofsaid controlled amount of charge comprises means for comparing thatlevel with a reference charge level.
 22. A charge-coupled device as setforth in claim 21 wherein said means responsive to the level of saidcontrolled amount of charge further comprises a negative feedbackcircuit.
 23. In a charge-coupled device (CCD) which includes asemiconductor substrate of given conductivity type, and electrodesinsulated from the substrate responsive to applied voltages for storingand propagating charge in the substrate, in combination:an electricallyfloating region in the substrate of different conductivity type than thesubstrate; input means for supplying charge to said region; output meansfor removing charge from said region; .[.and.]. adjusting means foradjusting one of said input an output means .Iadd.in accordance with acontinuous function of the level of a direct voltage bias suppliedthereto, .Iaddend.for causing the amount of charge supplied to saidregion by said input means to be equal to the .Iadd.amount of.Iaddend.charge removed from that region by said output means so as totend to maintain said floating region at a relatively constant averagevoltage level, said adjusting means including means for integrating thevoltage present at said floating region and means responsive.Iadd.solely .Iaddend.to .Iadd.the level of .Iaddend.said integratedvoltage, for .[.supplying a.]. .Iadd.applying said .Iaddend.directvoltage bias to said one of said input and output means.Iadd.; acharge-coupled device signal register having a source electrode and agate electrode for controlling the amount of charge introduced by saidsource electrode; an input signal terminal coupled to said gateelectrode of said signal register; and means receptive of said directvoltage bias produced by said adjusting means for applying the same tosaid gate electrode of said signal register.Iaddend..
 24. A CCD as setforth in claim 23, wherein said adjusting means comprises a negativefeedback circuit having an input connected to said region and an outputcircuit connected to one of said input and output means.
 25. In a CCD asset forth in claim 23, said output means comprising means removingsubstantially equal quantities of charge from said region during each ofa plurality of successive, equal duration time intervals.
 26. In a CCDas set forth in claim 23, each of said input and output means beingcapable of passing an amount of charge whose value may vary duringsuccessive equal duration time intervals.
 27. A CCD as set forth inclaim 24, wherein said input means comprises:a source of charge in saidsubstrate; and gate electrode means adjacent to said source andresponsive to said feedback circuit means for controlling the amount ofcharge supplied by said source. .[.28. A CCD as set forth in claim 23,and further including: a charge-coupled device signal register having asource electrode, and a gate electrode for controlling the amount ofcharge introduced by said source electrode; an input signal terminalcoupled to said gate electrode of said signal register; and meansreceptive of said direct voltage bias produced by said adjusting meansfor applying the same to said gate electrode of said signal register..].29. A CCD as set forth in claim 24, wherein said negative feedbackcircuit comprises a differential amplifier having two input terminals,one of which is coupled to said means for integrating, means forapplying a voltage at a reference level to the other of said inputterminals, and said differential amplifier having an output terminalconnected to said gate electrode for supplying a direct voltage biasthereto.
 30. A CCD as set forth in claim 24, wherein said integratingmeans comprises an integrating capacitor connected between said floatingregion and a point of reference potential.